Todos los poderes se habían unido para pelear contra
el comunismo: el Papa, los radicales franceses,
los espías de la policía alemana. Ya era tiempo que se aclararan las ideas
compartidas por los comunistas de todo
el mundo. La burguesía se había
acomodado en la sociedad y ganado todo el poder posible. Era la oposición a la clase trabajadora. Del Communist
Manifesto, algunos párrafos en
inglés.
En vocabulario encontramos hurl y cornerstone.
The executive of the modern State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie...
Paragraphs
A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of Communism. All the Powers of old Europe
have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Czar,
Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.
Where is the party in opposition that has not been
decried as Communistic by its
opponents in power? Where is the Opposition that has not hurled
back the branding reproach of Communism,
against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary
adversaries?
Two things result from this fact.
I. Communism
is already acknowledged by all European Powers to be itself a Power.
II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish
their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself.
To this end, Communists
of various nationalities have assembled in London, and sketched the following Manifesto, to be published in the
English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.
1. Bourgeois and Proletarians
The history of all hitherto existing societies is
the history of class struggles.
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and
serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in
constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden,
now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary
re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending
classes.
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost
everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold
gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians,
slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen,
apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate
gradations.
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from
the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has
but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of
struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie,
possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class
antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great
hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.
From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the
chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first
elements of the bourgeoisie were
developed.
The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape,
opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie.
The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with
the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities
generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never
before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal
society, a rapid development.
The feudal system of industry, under which
industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed
for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its
place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle
class; division of labour between the different corporate guilds vanished in
the face of division of labour in each single workshop.
Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand
ever rising. Even manufacture no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and
machinery revolutionised industrial production. The place of manufacture was
taken by the giant, Modern Industry, the place of the industrial middle class,
by industrial millionaires, the leaders of whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois.
Modern industry has established the world-market,
for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an
immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This
development has, in its time, reacted on the extension of industry; and in
proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same
proportion the bourgeoisie developed,
increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down
from the Middle Ages.
We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a
long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of
production and of exchange.
Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a
corresponding political advance of that class. An oppressed class under the
sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association in the
mediaeval commune; here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany),
there taxable "third estate" of the monarchy (as in France),
afterwards, in the period of manufacture proper, serving either the semi-feudal
or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, corner-stone of the great monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the
establishment of Modern Industry and of the world-market, conquered for itself,
in the modern representative State, exclusive political sway. The executive of
the modern State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the
whole bourgeoisie.
Reunión de los Chartists en Londres, 1848 |
Vocabulario
Hurl: throw or impel
(someone or something) with great force.
"rioters hurled a brick
through the windscreen"
Corner-stone:
an important quality or feature on which a particular thing depends or is
based.
"a national minimum wage remained the cornerstone of policy"
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Fuentes
The Communist
Manifesto, Wikipedia.
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